{"id":6003,"date":"2024-04-18T03:18:59","date_gmt":"2024-04-18T03:18:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jobelyn.com.ng\/ng\/?p=6003"},"modified":"2024-04-18T03:18:59","modified_gmt":"2024-04-18T03:18:59","slug":"polyphenols-as-adjunct-to-the-treatment-of-covid-19-virus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jobelyn.com.ng\/ng\/2024\/04\/18\/polyphenols-as-adjunct-to-the-treatment-of-covid-19-virus\/","title":{"rendered":"POLYPHENOLS AS ADJUNCT TO THE TREATMENT OF COVID-19 VIRUS"},"content":{"rendered":"

REVIEW
\n<\/span>Can phytotherapy with polyphenols serve as a powerful approach for the
\nprevention and therapy tool of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
\n<\/span>Emile Levy,<\/span>1,2,3,4 <\/span>Edgard Delvin,<\/span>1 <\/span>Vale\u00b4rie Marcil,<\/span>1,2,4 <\/span>and Schohraya Spahis<\/span>1,2,4
\n<\/span>1<\/span>Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; <\/span>2<\/span>Department of Nutrition, Universite\u00b4 de
\nMontre\u00b4al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; <\/span>3<\/span>Department of Pediatrics, Universite\u00b4 de Montre\u00b4al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
\n<\/span>4<\/span>Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
\n<\/span>Submitted 12 June 2020; accepted in final form 1 August 2020<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Levy E, Delvin E, Marcil V, Spahis S. <\/span>Can phytotherapy with polyphenols
\nserve as a powerful approach for the prevention and therapy tool of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? <\/span>Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab <\/span>319: E689\u2013
\nE708, 2020. First published August 5, 2020; doi:10.1152\/ajpendo.00298.2020.\u2014
\nMuch more serious than the previous severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
\ncoronavirus (CoV) outbreaks, the novel SARS-CoV-2 infection has spread speedily,
\naffecting 213 countries and causing <\/span>\u0001<\/span>17,300,000 cases and <\/span>\u0001<\/span>672,000 (<\/span>\u0001<\/span>+1,500\/
\nday) deaths globally (as of July 31, 2020). The potentially fatal coronavirus disease
\n(COVID-19), caused by air droplets and airborne as the main transmission modes,
\nclearly induces a spectrum of respiratory clinical manifestations, but it also affects
\nthe immune, gastrointestinal, hematological, nervous, and renal systems. The dramatic scale of disorders and complications arises from the inadequacy of current
\ntreatments and absence of a vaccine and specific anti-COVID-19 drugs to suppress
\nviral replication, inflammation, and additional pathogenic conditions. This highlights the importance of understanding the SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of actions
\nand the urgent need of prospecting for new or alternative treatment options. The
\nmain objective of the present review is to discuss the challenging issue relative to
\nthe clinical utility of plants-derived polyphenols in fighting viral infections. Not
\nonly is the strong capacity of polyphenols highlighted in magnifying health benefits, but the underlying mechanisms are also stressed. Finally, emphasis is placed
\non the potential ability of polyphenols to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection via the
\nregulation of its molecular targets of human cellular binding and replication, as
\nwell as through the resulting host inflammation, oxidative stress, and signaling
\npathways.
\ncomplications; microbiota; oxidative stress; polyphenols; viral infection<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In view of the paucity of therapeutic findings and scantiness
\nof related mechanisms, it is surprising that polyphenolic compounds have not been tested to combat viral activities. However,
\nit is worth noting that, in addition to their antioxidative and antiinflammatory characteristics, polyphenols exhibit anti-infective
\nproperties (220). Indeed, in the last two decades, numerous benefits of polyphenols against diverse families of viruses were suggested, as these safe and reliable nutrients displayed the capacity
\nto interrupt the life cycle of viruses and halt viral replication,
\nboost immune responses, and protect against inflammation in
\ninfected patients. In the following sections, polyphenol properties, potential impact on various harmful viruses, and underlying
\nmolecular mechanisms will be discussed before their application
\nin managing COVID-19 infection is proposed (Fig. 4)<\/span><\/p>\n

POLYPHENOLS AND VIRAL INFLAMMATION
\n<\/span>Following viral infection, it is possible to observe dysregulated host immune response and production of inflammatory
\ncytokines. COVID-19 patients exhibit elevated concentrations
\nof plasma IL2, IL6, IL7, IL10, granulocyte colony-stimulating
\nfactor (GCSF), IFN-<\/span>g<\/span>-induced protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte
\nchemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), macrophage inflammatory
\nprotein 1-<\/span>a <\/span>(MIP1A), and TNF<\/span>a <\/span>(37, 101), indicating an
\nincreased output of inflammatory components. With increasing
\nstate of severity, NK and T cells run through, and the decline of
\ntheir number leads to lymphopenia. In compensation and for
\ncontinuing the fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection, the immune
\nsystem is hyper-stimulated to produce a profusion of cytokines
\ntapping highs, named \u201ccytokine storm,\u201d leading immune cells to
\naffect healthy tissues and cause organ failure (1). Remarkably,
\npolyphenols are known for their ability to prevent and counteract inflammation (Fig. 5) by mitigating inflammatory response
\nin adipocytes, macrophages, and additional immune cells (129).
\nAs a polyphenolic phytochemical, curcumin can modulate dendritic cells (DCs) and transform them into tolerogenic DCs with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities in health
\nand disease (174). Accordingly, curcumin impedes the maturation and migration of cytokines and chemokines while disturbing
\nthe antigen-presenting machinery of DCs, rendering them non- or
\nhyporesponsive to immunostimulants (80). These alterations may
\nbe due to the downregulation of transcription factors, including
\nNF-<\/span>\u03baB, AP-1, MAPKs (p38, JNK, ERK), and other intracellular
\nsignaling molecules such as JAK\/STAT\/SOCS (171). Similarly,
\npolyphenols from tea such as the bioactive EGCG could repress
\nthe biogenesis of blood angiotensin II-associated C-reactive protein, which plays a vital role in the progression of inflammation
\ncharacterizing metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and hepatic
\ndiseases through the angiotensin II type 1 receptor-ROS-ERK1\/2
\nsignaling pathway (246), the modulation of Notch pathway in
\nhuman macrophages (227), and the upregulation of E3 ubiquitin
\nligase RNF 216, followed by downregulation of toll-like receptor
\n4 (125). As we can therefore infer from these brief examples and
\na multitude of others available in the scientific literature, polyphenols may not only be applied as antiviral tools, but also as powerful anti-inflammatory a gents capable of boosting antiviral
\nresponse\u00a0<\/span> POLYPHENOLS AND VIRAL OXIDATIVE STRESS
\n<\/span>A molecular link is apparent between viral infection and OxS
\npathways (16). For instance, OxS has been induced by the respiratory syncytial virus as reflected by raised NADPH oxidase-1,
\nan enzyme implicated in the formation of ROS, and declined endogenous antioxidant defense (e.g., catalase, glutathione Stransferase A2), likely resulting from downregulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a strong transcription
\nfactor undergoing histone deacetylation and proteasomal degradation
\n(120). The administration of antioxidants reduced ROS generation
\nand simultaneously lessened pulmonary inflammation and lung pathologies associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection, pointing
\nout OxS as a causal agent (7). Accordingly, lowering NADPH\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

oxidase 2 expression prevents NF-<\/span>\u03ba<\/span>B activation in respiratory syncytial virus in infected cells and drastically counteracts the induction
\nproinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (72). Other respiratory
\nviral infections (influenza, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza,
\nadenovirus, CoV, and human rhinovirus) are also associated with redox imbalance\/OxS and antioxidant mechanism slackness, highly
\nnecessary for viral infection and complications (49). For their part,
\nSARS-CoVs trigger OxS mechanisms, which contribute to the
\npathogenesis and progression of respiratory diseases (121). The
\nabundant ROS production, as a result of increased inflammatory cell
\nrecruitment at the site of viral infection, is coupled with innate immunity and SARS-CoV 3CL<\/span>pro<\/span>-mediated NF-<\/span>\u03ba<\/span>B activation, leading
\nto an intensified proinflammatory host response (136). Clearly, it
\nwas shown that OxS-NF-<\/span>\u03ba<\/span>B-toll-like receptor (mainly TLR4) signaling pathways are elicited by SARS-CoV to magnify host inflammatory response, thus contributing to acute lung injury. Such
\nabnormalities can be prevented by the intake polyphenols, known as
\ninfluential antioxidants capable of halting virus-driven ROS production and protecting host cells from OxS and the vicious inflammation
\ncycle (Fig. 5). By strengthening the antioxidant capacity and scavenging ROS, polyphenols may therefore represent a promising tool
\nto stop the negative effects of SARS-CoV-2 while ameliorating the
\nclinical course of COVID-19.<\/span><\/p>\n

SUMMARY POINTS
\n<\/span>1. The potential mechanisms for SARS-CoV-2 adhesion, entry,
\nand replication into host cells, along with multiple related complications, have been emphasized to prospect and design treatment options.
\n2. Given the lack of vaccine and effective antiviral agents for
\nCOVID-19, evidence is provided to propose that natural polyphenolic compounds may serve as a useful arsenal to mitigate
\ncoronaviral infection in view of their established beneficial
\nproperties and functions.
\n3. The effectiveness of polyphenols has been first substantiated by
\ntheir powerful antiviral activities, as reflected by the modulation of viral envelope proteins (namely Spike S glycoprotein
\ninstrumental for the specificity and infectivity of the virion) and
\nhost cell receptors (e.g., ACE2 functioning as a gate for SARSCoV-2) and transmembrane proteases (e.g., TMPRSS2 mediating SARS-CoV-2 cell invasion).
\n4. As amply supported by the scientific literature, polyphenols are
\nendowed with the redoubtable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions capable of counteracting redox imbalance and
\ninflammatory processes elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection and
\naccounting for enhanced patients\u2019 susceptibility to severe organ
\ninsults.<\/span><\/p>\n

. A plethora of evidence underlines the favorable regulation of
\nmicrobiota by polyphenols, which may both amend dysbiosis
\ntriggered by invading SARS-CoV-2 and boost antiviral
\nresponse, thereby turning down viral infectivity.
\n6. Bioactive polyphenols are known to improve cardiometabolic
\nhealth and alleviate the constellation of the risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome (e.g., dyslipidemia, insulin
\nresistance, hypertension, and obesity), which would be most
\nhelpful for preexisting cardiometabolic ailments displaying
\npoorer prognosis for the COVID-19 course.
\n<\/span>CONCLUSIONS
\n<\/span>The speed and severity of the present, deadly COVID-19 pandemic took the whole world by surprise. It has caused widespread woefulness, fear, anxiety, loneliness, and economic
\nuncertainty. This crisis is challenging health systems worldwide,
\nforcing countries to make difficult choices, mainly because of
\nthe lack of a vaccine and effective standard treatment. In recognition of the seriousness of the SARS-CoV-2 strike and the urgency to limit the virus spread, polyphenols represent a valuable
\ntherapeutic strategy for the management of SARS-CoV-2-
\ninfected patients. Overall, from available evidence documented
\nby the present review, polyphenols are endowed with multifaceted beneficial properties. Their antiviral, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiobesogenic, antidiabetic, antithrombotic, and
\nprebiotic effects can be put in use to combat COVID-19. At
\nleast, their potency must be tested given their ability to modulate
\nthe different molecular, metabolic, and clinical targets of
\nSARS-CoV-2. Thorough investigation will allow for the definition of whether they may act synergistically with existing drugs
\nagainst the viral infection and related complications<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

REVIEW Can phytotherapy with polyphenols serve as a powerful approach for the prevention and therapy tool of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Emile Levy,1,2,3,4 Edgard Delvin,1 Vale\u00b4rie Marcil,1,2,4 and Schohraya Spahis1,2,4 1Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; 2Department of Nutrition, Universite\u00b4 de Montre\u00b4al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; 3Department of Pediatrics, Universite\u00b4 de Montre\u00b4al,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":93,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6003","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jobelyn.com.ng\/ng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6003","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jobelyn.com.ng\/ng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jobelyn.com.ng\/ng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jobelyn.com.ng\/ng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/93"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jobelyn.com.ng\/ng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6003"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/jobelyn.com.ng\/ng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6003\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7969,"href":"https:\/\/jobelyn.com.ng\/ng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6003\/revisions\/7969"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jobelyn.com.ng\/ng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6003"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jobelyn.com.ng\/ng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6003"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jobelyn.com.ng\/ng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6003"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}